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Fifo Lifo Hifo. Cost basis method for crypto: extremely popular topic these days.
Here’s what we wrote about crypto previously – https://htj.tax/?s=crypto
In 2014, the IRS issued Notice 2014-21, 2014-16 I.R.B. 938 PDF, explaining that virtual currency is treated as property for Federal income tax purposes and providing examples of how longstanding tax principles applicable to transactions involving property apply to virtual currency. The frequently asked questions (“FAQs”) expand upon the examples provided in Notice 2014-21 and apply those same longstanding tax principles to additional situations. – https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/frequently-asked-questions-on-virtual-currency-transactions
Official Revenue Ruling: 2019-24 legitimizes many of the assumptions that were previously being made by leading crypto tax companies and tax professionals in the industry. The guidance also provides clarity on some of the gray areas within the world of cryptocurrency including the tax treatment of forks & airdrops, allowable cost basis methods, and rulings around cryptocurrency transfers. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rr-19-24.pdf
Whenever you incur a taxable event from your crypto investing activity, you incur a tax reporting requirement.
A taxable event simply refers to a scenario in which you trigger or realize income. As seen in the IRS virtual currency guidance, the following are all considered taxable events for cryptocurrency:
- Trading crypto to fiat currency like the US dollar
- Trading one crypto for another cryptocurrency
- Spending crypto to purchase goods or services
- Earning crypto as income
Prior to the 2019 guide mentioned above, it wasn’t explicitly clear which costing method you were supposed to use when calculating your cryptocurrency capital gains and losses for your tax reporting. Because of this uncertainty, the majority of traders in the past used FIFO (first-in first-out) as this was deemed to be the most conservative approach. The new 2019 guidance officially declares that specific identification methods like LIFO (last-in first-out) or HIFO (highest-in first-out) can be used provided that you can specifically identify particular units of cryptocurrency. This is a very good thing for cryptocurrency traders, and it provides them with a great tax saving opportunity.
According to the IRS guidance, you can specifically identify a unit of cryptocurrency if you have records containing the following information:
- The date and time each unit was acquired,
- Your basis and the fair market value of each unit at the time it was acquired,
- The date and time each unit was sold, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of, and
- The fair market value of each unit when sold, exchanged, or disposed of, and the amount of money or the value of property received for each unit
How do FIFO, LIFO, and HIFO work?
FIFO (first-in first-out), LIFO (last-in first-out), and HIFO (highest-in first-out) are simply different methods used to calculate cryptocurrency gains and losses. From an accounting standpoint, each method “sells” specific assets in a different chronological order which ultimately leads to a different total capital gains or loss numbers on paper.
FIFO
Using first-in-first-out works exactly how it sounds. The first coin that you purchase (chronologically) is the first coin that is counted for a sale.
LIFO
LIFO works exactly opposite of FIFO. Instead of selling off the first coins you acquired, you sell the last coins that came in (i.e. the most recent coins you acquired).
HIFO
Highest-in first-out (HIFO) works exactly how it sounds. You sell the coins with the highest cost basis (original purchase price) first.
HIFO can be used as a “tax minimization” method as it will lead to the lowest capital gains and the largest capital losses, best of both worlds. Keep in mind, net capital losses can be used to offset other income up to $3,000 dollars (the remaining will be carried forward to future tax years).
The IRS treats cryptocurrencies like property, meaning that anytime you spend, exchange, or sell your tokens, you’re logging a taxable event. There’s always a difference between how much you paid for your crypto, which is the cost basis, and the market value at the time you spend it. That difference can trigger capital gains taxes.
But a little-known accounting method known as HIFO — short for highest in, first out — can significantly slash an investor’s tax obligation.
When you sell your crypto, you can pick and choose the specific unit you are selling. That means a crypto holder can pick out the most expensive bitcoin they bought and use that number to determine their tax obligation. A higher cost basis translates to less tax on your sale.
But the onus is on the user to keep track, so thorough bookkeeping is essential. Without detailed records of a taxpayer’s transaction and cost basis, calculations to the IRS can’t be substantiated.
The trick to HIFO accounting is keeping granular details about every crypto transaction you made for each coin you own, including when you purchased it and for how much, as well as when you sold it and the market value at that time.
But if you don’t have all transaction records logged, or you’re not using the right kind of software, the accounting method defaults to something called FIFO, or first in, first out.
Under FIFO accounting rules, when you sell your tokens, you’re selling the earliest purchased coin. If you bought your crypto before its big price run-up in 2021, your low cost basis can mean a bigger capital gains tax bill.
Then there’s the wash sale rule
Pairing HIFO accounting with the wash sale rule has the potential to save taxpayers even more money.
Because the IRS classifies digital currencies like bitcoin as property, losses on crypto holdings are treated differently than losses on stocks and mutual funds. In particular, wash sale rules don’t apply, meaning that you can sell your bitcoin and buy it right back, whereas with a stock, you would have to wait 30 days to buy it back.
This nuance in the tax code paves the way for aggressive tax-loss harvesting, where investors sell at a loss and buy back bitcoin at a lower price. Those losses can lower your tax bill or be used to offset future gains.
For instance, say a taxpayer purchases one bitcoin for $10,000 and sells it for $50,000. This individual would face $40,000 of taxable capital gains. But if this same taxpayer had previously harvested $40,000 worth of losses on earlier crypto transactions, they’d be able to offset the tax they owe.
Quickly buying back the cryptos is another key part of the equation. If timed correctly, buying the dip enables investors to catch the ride back up, if the price of the digital coin rebounds.
ICO
In this discussion, we assume that all tokens are property and not money and we discuss U.S. federal income tax issues only unless otherwise indicated. Startup companies may use ICOs as a means of raising funds. An ICO is the issuance of newly generated tokens for other cryptocurrencies or, less commonly, for fiat currency. Issuers can offer non-functional tokens, the proceeds from which are used by the issuer to develop its platform, product or services. Once the platform or product is fully functional, token purchasers can use the tokens for accessing the platform, product or services developed by the issuer. Alternatively, unless token purchasers are subject to a “lock-up” period, they can be exchanged for other tokens or fiat currency.
Less commonly, companies issue tokens that represent an ownership interest in the company or other property, or that are intended simply as a means of exchange.
Tax implications of ICOs for U.S. issuers
The issuance by a U.S. issuer of utility or convertible tokens for cash, tokens, or other property may be treated as a sale (or, potentially, a license) of property or a promise to perform services in the future. As discussed below, in many of these situations, a domestic issuer will recognise income upon the issuance of the tokens or, potentially, later, when the services are performed.
Character and source of income
The U.S. tax implications to the issuer of tokens depend on whether income from their issuance will be characterised as sales, royalty or services income, and on the source of such income (i.e., the jurisdiction in which it arises for U.S. tax purposes).
In 1998, the IRS issued Treas. Reg. § 1.861-18 (also known as the “Software Regulations”), which provide a framework for determining the character of income from the transfer of intangible property. Although the Software Regulations were issued long before blockchain technology was even contemplated, they logically can be used as a starting point for determining the character and source of income from a cryptocurrency transaction.
Under such regulations, income from the transfer of intangible property is classified as:
(1) the sale of copyright rights;
(2) the license of copyright rights;
(3) the sale of a copyrighted article;
(4) the lease of a copyrighted article;
(5) the provision of services related to a computer program; or
(6) the provision of know-how related to a computer program.
(a) Treatment of transfer of tokens as a sale
Generally, the issuance of tokens should not result in the transfer of copyright rights because token purchasers generally do not acquire unfettered rights with respect to the underlying blockchain technology. While tokens can provide the right and ability to build upon a blockchain platform, this right would appear to be more in the nature of a service or a licence rather than a right to prepare a derivative work. For example, creating a private blockchain on the Ethereum platform requires the installation of “Geth”. A private blockchain created with Geth is a new asset facilitated by Ethereum, but is not a derivative of Ethereum.
However, the issuance of tokens might be analogised to a sale of intangible property that has indicia of a copyrighted article in that the purchaser acquires all of the benefits and burdens of an asset (i.e., a token) that are separate from the underlying blockchain platform and that can be used in perpetuity. In that case, the character of the income from the sale of a token will depend upon the character of the token in the hands of the transferor. It is unlikely that newly issued tokens qualify as capital assets in the hands of the issuer. Since newly issued tokens are created with the intention of selling them, they could be viewed as inventory.
If the tokens are inventory and were “produced” by the issuer, such income would be sourced based on the location of production of such inventory. However, the place of “production” of the tokens might not be at all clear. In a situation where the tokens are issued based on open-source technology, with all of the actual development to come afterward, the jurisdiction of the issuer might be the place of production. However, the place where the concept was created or tested or where the programmers sit might be a more realistic alternative.
(b) Treatment as a licence
The issuance of a token could, to some extent, be viewed as including a licence to use the issuer’s blockchain platform (e.g., to access content on the platform or to build a separate blockchain project keyed off the issuer’s blockchain intellectual property (“IP”), although this might also be viewed as a service (as discussed below)). To the extent the issuance is treated as a licence, the amount received for the tokens would be considered a royalty, which would be ordinary income, and the source of the royalty would be the place where the token is used, which may not be easily determined.
(c) Treatment as a service
Potentially, the consideration received for the issuance of tokens could be treated as compensation for the provision of services provided by the issuer.
This treatment could apply to pre-ICO tokens where the issuer accepts consideration from the investors subject to an obligation to use the consideration to develop the issuer’s technology, although the issuer’s efforts generally would be considered services only if the token holders would have an ownership interest in the IP that is developed, which is unlikely in most cases. Any income from services would be ordinary income and generally would be sourced to the location where the services are performed. Services performed by individuals generally are sourced to the place where they are located when the services are performed. If equipment is involved in the performance of services, the location of the equipment is also considered.
A blockchain platform may also provide automated services by acting as an online intermediary linking customers with providers or by hosting or streaming information or content that can be accessed by token holders. In such a case, sourcing the revenue will present more than the usual challenges for sourcing income because of the decentralised nature of blockchain technology.
Timing of recognition of income by issuers
Generally, income must be recognised immediately upon receipt of consideration for the transfer of property or the provision of services – i.e., in the case of an ICO, at the time of the issuance. However, in certain limited circumstances, an accrual basis issuer can defer taxation on at least a portion of the amount received to the succeeding taxable year if the receipt of the consideration is treated as an advance payment for future goods or services (e.g., for pre-functional tokens). The sale of pre-functional tokens or an agreement to sell future tokens (also known as Simple Agreement for Future Tokens (“SAFT”)) could also potentially be viewed as a forward contract to develop the technology and deliver the functional tokens in the future. Generally, under the common law open transaction doctrine, the execution of a forward contract will not be a taxable event until the transaction is closed. However, if the governing documents do not contain a refund provision, it is highly likely that the amount received by the issuer would be considered income at the time received.
Regardless of when the income is recognised, a U.S. issuer should be able to offset such income with operating losses (or depreciation or amortisation of capitalised expenses) incurred prior to issuance to the extent eligible to be carried forward. For foreign issuers, operating losses can be carried forward for use against U.S. income only if the issuer files timely and accurate U.S. income tax returns for the years in which the losses were incurred.
Tax consequences to issuer of use of tokens by purchasers
Notice 2014-21 provides that a taxpayer who receives cryptocurrency as payment for goods or services must include in gross income or gross receipts the fair market value of the tokens, measured in U.S. dollars as of the date the tokens are received. Thus, if the issuer provides a service that is accessed by using tokens it had previously issued, the issuer would include, in income, the fair market value of the tokens at the time of their use (which could be offset by the issuer’s cost of providing the services). The issuer’s tax basis in the tokens received in exchange for the services would be the fair market value of the tokens at the time of their receipt.
Tax implications for token purchasers in an ICO
Purchase of tokens
The purchase of tokens in an ICO using fiat currency should not be a taxable event for the purchaser. However, if tokens are purchased using another cryptocurrency, a U.S. taxpayer would recognise gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the tokens purchased and the tax basis in the cryptocurrency exchanged therefor.
A purchaser’s basis in the tokens acquired would be their purchase price in U.S. dollars (or translated into U.S. dollars at the time of purchase if purchased using another cryptocurrency).
Sale or use of tokens
If tokens are subsequently sold or transferred in exchange for goods or services, the transaction generally will be a taxable event and will give rise to capital gain or ordinary income depending on their character in the hands of the token holder. The amount of the gain or loss will be the difference between the token holder’s basis in the tokens sold or exchanged and the amount of fiat currency or the fair market value of property or services received for them.18
If the tokens were held as an investment or for trading, then the gain or loss generally should be capital gain or loss, and would be short term or long term depending on whether the tokens were held for more than one year. If the tokens were held by an individual as personal-use property and not for investment (e.g., to access media, to shop or for comparable purposes), such property would be a capital asset and any gain (but not loss) recognised on the disposition of such cryptocurrency generally would be treated as described above, except that losses would not be allowed.
Furthermore, although Notice 2014-21 is silent with respect to the use of tokens in transactions that might otherwise result in non-recognition, presumably the language in Q&A #1 to the effect that “general tax principles applicable to property transactions apply to transactions using virtual currency” would cover this situation. Accordingly, the contribution of tokens or cryptocurrency to a corporation in exchange for its stock or to a partnership in exchange for a partnership interest should not result in any gain or loss if a transfer of any other property would result in non-recognition (e.g., pursuant to IRC § 351 or § 721).
If the tokens are not held as capital assets or personal-use property and do not qualify as Section 1231 assets (e.g., if they constitute inventory), and do not qualify for tax-free treatment under a non-recognition provision, the token purchaser would recognise ordinary gain or loss on their sale or exchange. To date, there is no de minimis exception for small transactions, and a significant issue for token holders is how to determine the basis of the particular tokens used and the value of the property or services received in return.
Hard forks, soft forks, airdrops and awards/rewards
The term “airdrop”, as used currently in an evolving cryptocurrency jargon, means a project founder’s distribution of tokens, coins or other digital assets to holders of existing cryptocurrency without any consideration from the token recipient. Generally, airdrops occur when a new blockchain project distributes free tokens to existing holders of certain cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Issuers may also issue tokens as rewards for using an app, purchasing merchandise, referring customers, watching advertisements, etc.
A “hard fork” is a material change to a blockchain-system protocol that generally (but not always) results in a split of the existing blockchain protocol pursuant to which the nodes running on the existing version of the blockchain are no longer accepted in the updated version. As a result, a new blockchain is created that follows the updated rules, while the pre-split blockchain that follows the legacy rules still exists. A holder of a pre-split cryptocurrency generally receives additional cryptocurrencies that are generated by the newly created blockchain. For example, Bitcoin hard forks that occurred in August 2017 and October 2017 created a split in the existing Bitcoin blockchain, and pre-split Bitcoin holders received Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin Gold, respectively.
A soft fork is a backward-compatible method of upgrading existing nodes. If a majority consensus is reached for the new rules, then only the new chain is followed. In soft forks, holders may also be required to take affirmative action to get access to or convert their outdated tokens (which may be worthless) for the upgraded tokens.
Generally, a U.S. taxpayer’s gross income means all income from whatever source derived, and the Supreme Court defined gross income as an undeniable accession to wealth over which the taxpayer has complete dominion. On October 9, 2019, the IRS released a revenue ruling (Rev. Rul. 2019-24), which generally addresses questions related to the tax treatment of hard forks. The tax treatment of the receipt of the new cryptocurrency will be based on whether the owner of the legacy cryptocurrency is able to take dominion and control over the new cryptocurrency generated as a result of the hard fork. If a taxpayer has immediate dominion and control over the new cryptocurrency, the taxpayer will be required to include in his/her gross income (as ordinary income) an amount that is equal to the fair market value of the new cryptocurrency that was transferred to his/her account/wallet and will take a basis in such new cryptocurrency equal to such fair market value. Owners of an existing cryptocurrency who do not receive dominion and control over the new cryptocurrency at the time of the hard fork (for example, because their wallets may not be compatible to support the new cryptocurrency) will not have income at the time of the hard fork. They presumably would have income when they achieve dominion and control over the new cryptocurrency, although this is not specifically stated. Similar to hard forks, the IRS would also consider receipt of tokens by a taxpayer via airdrops or rewards as undeniable access to wealth and therefore taxable.
Tokens received in hard forks, airdrops, or as rewards generally must be included in income at their fair market value. Most airdropped tokens have zero value at the time of the airdrop and will not result in any taxable income unless the taxpayer achieves dominion and control over the airdropped token only when it has more than zero value. However, tokens received in hard forks, e.g., Bitcoin Cash, may have a significant value, which can be determined by looking at the price for which it is being traded on an exchange at the time the taxpayer acquires dominion over such tokens. The value of tokens received as rewards will have to be determined based on the facts.
Notice 2014-21 does not provide any guidance for determining the fair market value of tokens that are not listed on an exchange. In such cases, the general rules of taxation apply, and the taxpayer must make a good faith effort to determine the value of such tokens by considering all the relevant factors. The income, if any, of a holder on the receipt of tokens in a hard fork or airdrop or as a reward should be treated as ordinary income as there is no sale or exchange of a capital asset that resulted in such accretion to wealth. The basis in the tokens received should be equal to the amount included in income.
The tax treatment of a soft fork may be different because the holder of the original tokens generally must exchange those tokens for the new tokens to preserve any value. FAQs issued by the IRS on October 9, 2019 clarified that soft forks do not result in a division of the ledger and thus, no new cryptocurrency is created in soft forks. Accordingly, the IRS concluded that soft forks should not result in any income to the taxpayer as the taxpayer will be in the same position as s/he was in prior to the soft fork.
Use of a foreign jurisdiction for token issuance
A foreign issuer generally can avoid U.S. taxation on an ICO if it avoids critical contact with the U.S. However, some or all of the income of a foreign issuer can be subject to U.S. tax to the extent the income of the issuer is sourced to the U.S., which will depend on the character of the income (sales, royalties or services), where the management of the entity is located, where decisions are taken, whether marketing activities or sales take place in the U.S., and any number of other factors. As a general rule, gain on a sale of personal property by a foreign person is sourced to the jurisdiction of the seller. However, if the tokens constitute inventory in the hands of the issuer (which is likely), special rules apply. If the inventory is considered to be “produced” by the issuer, then the income is allocated and apportioned between sources within and without the U.S. based on where the “production activities” occurred. This might not be readily apparent, although the location of the individuals who developed the concept, the promoters and the IP developers are logical places to start.
Notwithstanding that a foreign issuer might avoid U.S. tax on an ICO, U.S. shareholders of the foreign issuer may not be as fortunate. First, if the IP was developed in the U.S., any contribution of such IP to a foreign corporation in exchange for its stock generally will be a taxable event, and, in certain circumstances, could result in a corporate “inversion” that would cause the foreign corporation to be treated as a U.S. corporation. Any actual sale or license of such IP by a U.S. person to a foreign entity also would result in a taxable event, and would be subject to the U.S. transfer pricing rules. These rules require that payments between related parties for the purchase, license, lease or use of property be set at arm’s length rates, which requires that the consideration received (whether as a lump sum or over time) be commensurate with the income attributable to the IP. Furthermore, income generated by an ICO or from ongoing operations of a foreign issuer that is a controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) could give rise to Subpart F income or global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) that may be includible in the income of any direct or indirect U.S. shareholder of such CFC that owns, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of its voting power or value (a “U.S. 10% Shareholder”). In addition, if a foreign corporation qualifies as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”), it could generate a roster of issues for certain of its direct or indirect U.S. owners who are not caught by the CFC rules.
Investing, trading and dealing in cryptocurrencies
While the dividing line is blurred, a person generally will be a trader rather than an investor in cryptocurrencies if its trading is frequent and substantial. While both traders and dealers may buy and sell within a very short period of time and take advantage of cross-border price-differential arbitrage, the major distinction between dealers and traders is that dealers have “customers” to whom they are selling rather than simply non-customer counterparties. Income or loss of dealers in cryptocurrencies will be ordinary in character.
Cryptocurrencies held by an investor or a trader generally will qualify as capital assets and gain or loss from their sale or other disposition generally will constitute capital gain or loss, which will be short or long term depending on whether the cryptocurrency sold or disposed of was held for more than one year.
Source of income
As a general rule, income from the sale of personal property (other than inventory) by a U.S. resident is sourced to the U.S., and by a non-resident is sourced outside the U.S.
Taxation of U.S. traders in cryptocurrencies
U.S. taxpayers who trade in cryptocurrencies may be taxable or tax-exempt (e.g., individual retirement accounts or other retirements funds, charitable organisations, etc.). U.S. taxpayers who are individuals generally would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at rates graduating to a maximum of 37% in the case of short-term capital gains and ordinary income, and 20% in the case of long-term capital gains. Such individual investors may also be subject to the 3.8% net investment income tax (“NIIT”) on their net investment income, which is likely to include income from cryptocurrencies or a crypto fund.
U.S. taxable investors that are corporations generally would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a flat 21% rate regardless of whether the income allocated to it is capital gain or ordinary income and regardless of its source.33
U.S. tax-exempt entities generally would be subject to tax on any gains from trading in cryptocurrencies only to the extent that such income is characterised as unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). For this purpose, gains and losses from dispositions of “property” are specifically excluded from UBTI unless the property is subject to acquisition indebtedness or is inventory held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of an unrelated trade or business.34 Cryptocurrency is classified as “property” for tax purposes. Therefore, assuming an exempt entity is a trader or invests in a fund that is a trader in cryptocurrencies and does not otherwise hold cryptocurrency for sale to customers, its gain might not be treated as UBTI.
Taxation of foreign traders in cryptocurrency
The U.S. taxation of non-U.S. traders in cryptocurrencies depends on whether the income earned is characterised as income that is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business (“ECI”) or investment income.
ECI
Trading in stock, securities or commodities constitutes a trade or business for U.S. income tax purposes and, if such activities are carried on in the U.S., they generally will generate ECI. However, there is a limited exception to ECI treatment for gains and losses that qualify for the “Trading Safe Harbor” under IRC § 864(b)(2). Under that provision, foreign persons that trade in stock, securities or commodities (and derivatives based on stock, securities or commodities) in the U.S. for their own account are not considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business. Such trading can be done in the U.S. by the taxpayer through its own personnel or through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other agent.
The principal issue for foreign traders in cryptocurrencies is that cryptocurrencies, with limited exceptions, will not qualify as stock, securities or commodities for U.S. tax purposes. The definition of a security for tax purposes is very different than for securities law purposes, and includes only stock in a corporation, interests in widely held or publicly traded partnerships or trusts, and notes, bonds, debentures, or other evidences of indebtedness,37 and it appears unlikely that most types of cryptocurrency could qualify as securities under any of these categories. To qualify as a commodity, a cryptocurrency would have to be listed on commodity exchanges located in the U.S., such as the CME or the CBOE, and not constitute goods or merchandise that are traded in “ordinary commercial channels”.
The IRS has issued a private letter ruling involving foreign currencies, which are also treated as “property” for U.S. tax purposes, in which it took the position that in order for trading in a foreign currency to qualify for the Trading Safe Harbor, the specific foreign currency in which the trading occurred had to be traded on a commodities exchange.
Bitcoin derivatives are currently traded on exchanges that are regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and trading activity in Bitcoin or Bitcoin derivatives (but not in other cryptocurrencies) may therefore qualify for the Trading Safe Harbor.
Notwithstanding that income from trading in cryptocurrencies may not qualify for the Trading Safe Harbor, if a trader operates from outside the U.S. (i.e., if the trader is an individual, such individual, or if the trader is an entity, its personnel, are located outside the U.S., decisions are taken outside the U.S. and trades are placed outside the U.S.), it should not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business, and thus should not be taxable by the U.S. except to the extent that the income from such trading is derived by a U.S. citizen or resident that otherwise is subject to U.S. taxation.
Investment income
Gain or loss from the sale by a foreign individual or entity of cryptocurrency that is held as an investment should not be subject to U.S. tax as it should qualify as capital gain or loss and be sourced to the country of the foreign seller. Again, however, U.S. members of such an entity may be subject to U.S. tax if, inter alia, the entity is a partnership or other form of tax-transparent entity, or if the U.S. anti-deferral rules applicable to CFCs, PFICs, etc., apply.
Much of the commentary above was sourced here – https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/blockchain-laws-and-regulations/14-u-s-federal-income-tax-implications-of-issuing-investing-and-trading-in-cryptocurrency on October 29th 2021
A few videos in relation to crypto taxes that you may find useful:
What is the tax rate for crypto in the US?
Gifting crypto to a non-US spouse from the tax perspective
Offsetting short term crypto losses
The IRS is taking Crypto very seriously – be weary!
Useful tax strategies for Crypto gains
